Chapter 11 : Inductive Reasoning and inductive Fallacies

How do I reason from Evidence ?

This chapter is about the process of inductive reasoning. inductive reasoning is a method used to discover new information or to supply missing information. When we use inductive reasoning, we observe, test, and check things out in some systematic fashion. Although it is an open-ended method or learning and discovering.
Looking at Inductive Reasoning
Induction comes from the Latin inducer, to lead in, In logic, induction is to reason to a conclusion about all members of a class on the basis of an examination of a few members of a class. Induction reasons from the particular to the general.
Reasoning from Sensory Observation
Sensory observation is the awareness of self and of the world through the basic senses of sight, touch, taste, smell, and hearing. Ancillary senses include a sense of time, weight, energy, pressure, motion, balance, direction, sexuality, feelings, emotions, pain, strength, weakness, solidity, lightness, darkness, color, fluidity, heat, cold, pitch, tonality, and vibration.
Reasoning from Enumeration
Enumerate mean (1) to count off or name one by one or (2) to determine a number from counting.
Analogical Reasoning
Analogy means (1) to find a correspondence of similarity between things that seem different or (2) an inference that if two things are alike in some respects, they will be alike in other respects.
Reasoning Patterns
Pattern is a design or form that is perceived. A pattern can involve shapes, images, ideas, words, signs, entities, sounds, or smells that suggest some recognizable configuration or rhythm.


Reasoning from and About Causes
Cause comes from the Latin causa, meaning reason or purpose. Cause means
that which produces an effect, or result, or a consequence; something that is responsible for an event; or a source of influence.
Reasoning with Hypotheses
Hypothesis comes from the Greek word hupothesis, meaning a supposition. A hypothesis is the name given to a trial idea, tentative explanation, or working assumption that can be to further inevestigation.
Reasoning Through Statistics and Probability
Statistics : The mathematics of the collection, organization, and interpretation of numerical data.
Probability : In statistics, the ratio of the number of actual occurrences of a specific event to the total number of possible occurrences